improved examples

examples/face_landmark_detection_ex.cpp

@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
         Vahid Kazemi and Josephine Sullivan, CVPR 2014
     and was trained on the iBUG 300-W face landmark dataset.  
 
+    Also, note that you can train your own models using dlib's machine learning
+    tools.  See train_shape_predictor_ex.cpp to see an example.
+
     
 
 
@@ -67,8 +70,10 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
         // We need a face detector.  We will use this to get bounding boxes for
         // each face in an image.
         frontal_face_detector detector = get_frontal_face_detector();
-        // And we also need a shape_predictor.  This takes as input an image and bounding
-        // box and outputs a fully landmarked face shape.
+        // And we also need a shape_predictor.  This is the tool that will predict face
+        // landmark positions given an image and face bounding box.  Here we are just
+        // loading the model from the shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat file you gave
+        // as a command line argument.
         shape_predictor sp;
         deserialize(argv[1]) >> sp;
 

examples/train_shape_predictor_ex.cpp

 // The contents of this file are in the public domain. See LICENSE_FOR_EXAMPLE_PROGRAMS.txt
 /*
 
-
-
-    The pose estimator was created by using dlib's implementation of the paper:
+    This example program shows how to use dlib's implementation of the paper:
         One Millisecond Face Alignment with an Ensemble of Regression Trees by
         Vahid Kazemi and Josephine Sullivan, CVPR 2014
-
+    
+    In particular, we will train a face landmarking model based on a small dataset 
+    and then evaluate it.  If you want to visualize the output of the trained
+    model on some images then you can run the face_landmark_detection_ex.cpp
+    example program with sp.dat as the input model.
+
+    It should also be noted that this kind of model, while often used for face
+    landmarking, is quite general and can be used for a variety of shape
+    prediction tasks.  But here we demonstrate it only on a simple face
+    landmarking task.
 */
 
 
@@ -22,6 +29,12 @@ using namespace std;
 std::vector<std::vector<double> > get_interocular_distances (
     const std::vector<std::vector<full_object_detection> >& objects
 );
+/*!
+    ensures
+        - returns an object D such that:    
+            - D[i][j] == the distance, in pixels, between the eyes for the face represented
+              by objects[i][j].
+!*/
 
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -58,28 +71,66 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
         // running it on the testing images. 
         // 
         // So here we create the variables that will hold our dataset.
-        // images_train will hold the 4 training images and face_boxes_train
-        // holds the locations of the faces in the training images.  So for
+        // images_train will hold the 4 training images and faces_train holds
+        // the locations and poses of each face in the training images.  So for
         // example, the image images_train[0] has the faces given by the
-        // full_object_detections in face_boxes_train[0].
+        // full_object_detections in faces_train[0].
         dlib::array<array2d<unsigned char> > images_train, images_test;
         std::vector<std::vector<full_object_detection> > faces_train, faces_test;
 
         // Now we load the data.  These XML files list the images in each
-        // dataset and also contain the positions of the face boxes and landmark
-        // (called parts in the XML file).  Obviously you can use any kind of
-        // input format you like so long as you store the data into images_train
-        // and faces_train.  
+        // dataset and also contain the positions of the face boxes and
+        // landmarks (called parts in the XML file).  Obviously you can use any
+        // kind of input format you like so long as you store the data into
+        // images_train and faces_train.  
         load_image_dataset(images_train, faces_train, faces_directory+"/training_with_face_landmarks.xml");
         load_image_dataset(images_test, faces_test, faces_directory+"/testing_with_face_landmarks.xml");
 
+        // Now make the object responsible for training the model.  
         shape_predictor_trainer trainer;
+        // This algorithm has a bunch of parameters you can mess with.  The
+        // documentation for the shape_predictor_trainer explains all of them.
+        // You should also read Kazemi paper which explains all the parameters
+        // in great detail.  However, here I'm just setting three of them
+        // differently than their default values.  I'm doing this because we
+        // have a very small dataset.  In particular, setting the oversampling
+        // to a high amount (300) effectively boosts the training set size, so
+        // that helps this example.
+        trainer.set_oversampling_amount(300);
+        // I'm also reducing the capacity of the model by explicitly increasing
+        // the regularization (making nu smaller) and by using trees with
+        // smaller depths.  
+        trainer.set_nu(0.05);
+        trainer.set_tree_depth(2);
+
+
+        // Tell the trainer to print status messages to the console so we can
+        // see how long the training will take.
+        trainer.be_verbose();
+
+        // Now finally generate the shape model
         shape_predictor sp = trainer.train(images_train, faces_train);
 
 
-        cout << "mean training error: "<< test_shape_predictor(sp, images_train, faces_train, get_interocular_distances(faces_train)) << endl;
-        cout << "mean testing error:  "<< test_shape_predictor(sp, images_test, faces_test, get_interocular_distances(faces_test)) << endl;
-
+        // Now that we have a model we can test it.  This function measures the
+        // average distance between a face landmark output by the
+        // shape_predictor and where it should be according to the truth data.
+        // Note that there is an optional 4th argument that lets us rescale the
+        // distances.  Here we are causing the output to scale each face's
+        // distances by the interocular distance, as is customary when
+        // evaluating face landmarking systems.
+        cout << "mean training error: "<< 
+            test_shape_predictor(sp, images_train, faces_train, get_interocular_distances(faces_train)) << endl;
+
+        // The real test is to see how well it does on data it wasn't trained
+        // on.  We trained it on a very small dataset so the accuracy is not
+        // extremely high, but it's still doing quite good.  Moreover, if you
+        // train it on one of the large face landmarking datasets you will
+        // obtain state-of-the-art results, as shown in the Kazemi paper.
+        cout << "mean testing error:  "<< 
+            test_shape_predictor(sp, images_test, faces_test, get_interocular_distances(faces_test)) << endl;
+
+        // Finally, we save the model to disk so we can use it later.
         serialize("sp.dat") << sp;
     }
     catch (exception& e)